There is a real on-going need for monitoring of valve positions (actuated or manual) in the process line. Malfunctioning of a valve can result in danger to human health and safety, affect yields and generate environmental risks. In some industries, regulation requires constant recording of valve position. Currently, such monitoring is done through wired “switch boxes.” Each such device requires data transmission and power cabling. Not only are these cables costly to manufacture and install, they are also one of the most frequent sources of failures in the process line, due to the fact that they are very often exposed to harsh environmental conditions. In fact, it is right here, at the field device level, where the majority of problems with wires really exist.
 
The various field buses that have been integrated into most applications over the past years ago have not really changed the situation. The Switch Boxes are still typically connected via wires, in a star topology, to bus concentrators.
 
Wireless monitoring of valves can revolutionize industrial processing and help industries meet the demands of increasing competitiveness. Intelligent wireless valve monitoring in industrial environments enables real-time data sharing throughout a facility and this, by definition, increases industrial safety, efficiency, and productivity. Wireless valve monitoring technology offers reliable, autonomous, and improved process control enhancing safety, ameliorating product quality, increasing yield, and reducing costs.
 
Lower Costs. The costs associated with installing, maintaining, troubleshooting, and upgrading wiring have escalated while costs of wireless technology maintenance continue to drop – particularly in the areas of installation and maintenance. A market study by the Venture Development Corporation found that users of wireless technology cite lower cost as a major reason for adoption.
 
Installation. Wireless valves monitoring systems could ultimately eliminate tens of thousands of feet of wiring in the average industrial site. Deploying such wiring can cost $50 to $200 per foot . Specialized wiring for harsh environments can cost as much as $2,000 per foot.
 
Maintenance. As wires age, they can crack and fail. Inspecting, testing, troubleshooting, repairing, and replacing wires requires time, labor, and materials. If wiring faults cause a production stoppage, costs escalate rapidly. Wireless valve monitoring systems obviate any costs associated with running new wires and eliminate associated downtime.
 
Improved Flexibility. Without the constraint of wires, plant managers can better track materials and more easily reconfigure assembly lines to meet changing customer demands. Freedom from wires also allows greater flexibility in valves placement – particularly in the case of mobile equipment (e.g., cranes and ladles).
 
Rapid Commissioning. Simple wireless valve monitoring systems can be rapidly and easily organized and configured into an effective communications network. Self-calibration and verification open the door to the deployment of ad hoc wireless valve monitoring systems and offer a broad range of production scenarios.


Existing Wireless Standards
The ISA  has established the standards committee on wireless systems for automation (ISA-100) and recently released the first draft (ISA-S100.11a) of the Wireless Network Optimized for Industrial Monitoring. The Wireless Hart protocol was recently released, and related products have started to appear on the market. The ZigBee protocol, which is very close to the ISA100 and Wireless Hart standards, has been available for some time and is supported by many chip and solution vendors and has the added advantage of being very cost-effective. The ZigBee technology is broadly utilized in building automation and energy control devices which are also used in the process industry.
 
All three protocols are based on IEEE 802.15.4 standard and have a lot of common.
 

Exploding Need for Wireless Monitoring of Valves
The worldwide value of the industrial valve market reached US$60 billion in 2006. This corresponds to the annual sale of about 350 million industrial ball valves of various sizes. Most of the valves sold (80 percent) are manual, without any remote monitoring capabilities. About 40 percent of the actuated industrial valves sold have no monitoring capabilities. All the valve monitoring systems sold today are wired.

Industrial users (pharmaceutical, petroleum, water, etc.) have expressed the need for more monitoring capabilities on the manual and actuated industrial valves they operate in their process lines. This will increase line safety, ensure compliance to regulations, improve yield, decrease operating line costs, provide better compliance to environmental requirements, etc. The option of installing a wired monitoring device on the manual or actuated valve is not practical due to the cost of wiring installation (US$50 to US$200 per foot) which can exceed US$5,000 per value, and a process plant can have thousands of industrial valves. A wireless valve monitoring solution can cost a fraction of this (10 percent). The cost of a wired valve monitoring system with 5,000 valves can reach the prohibitive amount of US$25,000,000 while setting up a wireless system will run at about US$2,500,000.
 
Wireless technology comes with its own set of challenges – propagation, interference, security, regulations, and other issues. Some control applications can afford the cost of adding a high-end wireless communication system such as cellular phones, WiFi, WiMax and so on. Nevertheless, the required wireless application will benefit if the technology is relatively low cost, is reliable, and robust, and it is standards compliance in order to drive interoperability among manufacturers and provide direct benefit to the end users.


The ZigBee Technology
The ZigBee technology is widely available and can be found in very cost-attractive industrial monitoring and control solutions. Many end users are considering using the ZigBee technology in their process line for simple monitoring applications and for energy management and automated infrastructures. The ZigBee wireless network is robust and reliable, low-cost, with a very low power consumption. It allows utilizing a valve monitoring solution powered by two small ½ AA Lithium batteries which last for more than 5 years assuming a 30-minute update rate, and with less than 100 ms latency.
 
The relatively low data rate (0.25 Mbps) achieved with a ZigBee network is adequate for valve monitoring requirements. The ultra low power consumption and the low cost features of ZigBee make this technology the best choice for valve monitoring applications. To achieve the goal of low total product cost as well as long battery life, the ZigBee / 802.15.4 protocol provides reasonable trade-offs in several performance metrics. To control the administrative costs of both the implementer and the user, ZigBee devices employ unlicensed radio bands. The ZigBee device is designed to be relatively short range without infrastructure. When increased range is necessary, the ZigBee infrastructure utilizes Mesh network topology.
 
To allow interoperability between ISA100 wireless solutions and ZigBee-based products, the ISA100 standard committee has established a Working Group which has been commissioned to provide a solution to allow seamless integration of ZigBee devices and ISA100-based networks. The ISA100 ZigBee Working Group mission is to provide guidance to end users, suppliers, and regulators to integrate ZigBee devices with an ISA100-based wireless network. The ISA100 ZigBee Working Group will focus on:
 
• Evaluating the feasibility of such integration and the potential impact on security, reliability, manageability, and performance
• Evaluating various methods using the ISA100 standards to integrate ZigBee devices.
• Coordinating with the ZigBee Alliance using the IP policy of ISA.

The result of this work will be an informative document (technical report) describing the methods and issues associated with this integration.

This ISA100 ZigBee Working Group is expected to release its documents in mid-2010.


A Solution Example, Technology and Products
A good example of the successful implementation of a wireless valve monitoring solution is the system delivered by ELTAV Wireless Monitoring Ltd. from Israel. ELTAV currently utilizes ZigBee wireless communication and plans to modify the communication methodology to the ISA100 standard when it has been released and is fully deployable. Both ZigBee and ISA100 based wireless valve monitoring systems will be available. The following pictures depict an ELTAV valve monitoring device assembled on a manual valve and on an actuator.

The wireless valve monitoring device can be installed on valve actuators (NAMUR interface) or on manual valves (ISO 5211 Interface). The small battery powered valve device (VD) can be installed on existing or new valve actuators or manual valves. The VD can operate for at least 5 years on one battery, which is field replaceable. A network of routers are spread around the plant and use mesh technology in order to transfer the received VD messages to the System’s TCP/IP-based Gateways. The Gateway transmits the valve data to the plant management system, using an OPC protocol, or any other standard communication protocol.
 
The valve data can be pushed to process line PLCs to allow incorporating valve data into the process operation.
 
The VD provides information about open or closed states of the valve, and also measures the valve’s angle position in degrees, at ±0.500 accuracy with 0.100  resolution. It also provides its temperature, battery status and other house-keeping information. The VD has inputs to collect data from the field (analog and digital) and outputs to deliver commands to field devices (planned enhancement). It collects the dynamics-of-state change of an actuated valve and transmits it as a data packet, thus providing preventive data on the health of the actuator/valve set. The operation of the VD can be commissioned and programmed from the system server as well as from a handheld operator device, which allows short-range, low frequency communication with the VD.

The current product utilizes a Zigbee chip set from Ember. However, once the ISA100 standard is released and a stack is commercially available, the product will be upgraded to the new ISA-S100 standard. Eltav plans to carry both ZigBee and ISA100 based products.
 
The system is designed to maximize the probability of message transfer from the Valve Device to the Management System. In preliminary pilot tests, a 100% data transfer has been demonstrated (460,000 messages with no losses and with less than 0.1% retries or rejoins). The measured average latency was less than 100 ms.
 
Eltav was awarded the 2009 ISA Silver award for innovation for this product.
 
ZigBee is using Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS). This technique increases the bandwidth of the transmitted signal. The wideband technique provides improved communication qualities but usually sacrifice spectrum utilization. DSSS can be modeled by applying a prearranged pseudo-random digital sequence to directly phase-modulate the already data modulated carrier, at a rate in excess of the data rate. The resulting DSSS signal occupies a much greater bandwidth, albeit with a lower spectral power density. The signal is recovered by demodulating the received signal with a replica of the same modulating pseudo-random digital sequence. The DSSS signal process spreads the original signal into a wider bandwidth for transmission over the channel, and then dispreads the signal at the receiver to recover the original signal and the information it contained.
 
ZigBee uses the 2.4 GHz ISM band which is universally approved for short range unlicensed communication.
 

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For more information, contact This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it . Content modified by a white paper. Radomsky is one of the founders and the CEO of Eltav Wireless Monitoring Ltd. He was the founder of ELPAS which provides indoor location based (RTLS) asset management solutions. He previously was with IMI in Israel, a company dealing with guided and homed missiles. He is a retired LTC who dealt with intelligent systems. He was twice awarded the Israel Defense Award. He was a member of ANSI371 standard committee, a member of ISA100 Wireless standard committee and he holds 10 patents.

The widespread deployment of ZigBee networks in industrial applications may be coming sooner than anyone expected.

The low-power wireless sensor and control networks are extending the capabilities of factory automation systems to physical spaces and functions never before possible. Recently released studies by research firms like Harbor Research (www.harborresearch.com), On World (www.onworld.com) and ABI Research (www.abiresearch.com) predict a rapid acceleration in the adoption of this technology over the next 12 to 36 months.

A major catalyst for this adoption is an upcoming wave of new ZigBee products. Over the past few years, more than a quarter billion dollars of investment has been put into development of the underlying technology for these wireless networks, including low-power, low-cost silicon; ZigBee-compliant network stacks; and development tools. This investment has allowed major OEMs to standardize on ZigBee, and soon they will begin pushing these products to market. The availability of these products will provide companies with the hardware components necessary to move forward with ZigBee deployment projects on the factory floor.

Other key factors that will accelerate the deployment of ZigBee applications are corporate initiatives focused on energy management and stringent operational standards, which are supported by the capabilities of ZigBee.

Putting ZigBee to work
The expected applications of ZigBee include energy management, advanced process control, safety enhancement, machine monitoring and maintenance, as well as temperature and vibration monitoring. But how do you get these wireless applications to work in production operations?

It is important to begin discussing this issue now because there are some critical hurdles and challenges that organizations will run up against when they move forward with their deployments. To help with the transition from wired to wireless, there are a number of questions that manufacturers need to ask themselves.

Key questions - DEPLOYMENT
Before deploying and commissioning ZigBee networks, manufacturers must first consider:
• How do I plan for the quantity and placement of the wireless devices in the venue, particularly when the existing staff has little experience deploying wireless RF devices?
• How do I create a ZigBee application that can be installed by an electrician or other professional who is typically in charge of wired installations?
• How do I create a system whose installation begins on-site by an electrician and is completed by a specialist remotely?
• How do I embed enough automatic capability in ZigBee devices so that they can operate effectively, securely and easily at the time of the device's commissioning?
• How does the installation team establish a simple way of binding each wireless device to the location where it is installed, so that both the device and the application understand the device's functional placement and role?

One common thread that runs through each of these questions is the issue of how to successfully deploy a wireless application using the same team that is responsible for the traditional wired sensors and actuators. Very few of the teams that currently oversee wired sensor networks in industrial settings have extensive experience working with RF devices, and most companies will not have the luxury of an RF-trained engineer to support every step of a ZigBee application deployment. This presents a significant obstacle to ZigBee deployments, which is different than the installation process for wired sensors. Wireless enables freedom of choice, and that will lead to a larger volume of wireless devices. In turn, this means that most of the wireless devices will have to have a level of automated intelligence embedded in them to enable easy commissioning and flexible use. Addressing these challenges will require advanced planning to automate deployment issues faced by the people who will actually have responsibility for installing the ZigBee application.

Key questions - BUILDING APPLICATIONS
When building ZigBee applications, organizations must ask themselves:
• How can I get all the disparate components of a ZigBee network to operate as a unified system?
• How can I accelerate integration of the ZigBee application with other systems within the facility so that it becomes a fully integrated extension of the company's technology infrastructure?
• How do I build the network with automated functionality and network intelligence that addresses the lack of a human interface on most of the devices within a ZigBee network?

One of the most compelling and powerful characteristics of ZigBee applications is that they connect device capability in ways that have previously been impossible to accomplish or even to imagine. That strength of the technology also causes new operational challenges because these applications bring together devices and technologies that have previously not worked together. The process of making these disparate components talk to one another and operate as a unified system is daunting and often requires expertise in atypical areas of technology. Planning ahead to select devices and components that minimize these interoperability issues is very important. Likewise, it will be valuable to have processes and technologies that will help automate the process of building out the application and overcoming interoperability snags that occur along the way.

Key questions - MANAGING THE NETWORK
To manage a wireless network's health and performance, manufacturers have to think about:
• How can I proactively manage the network to ensure reliability and performance?
• How do I dynamically monitor and manage radio consumption to conserve battery power in wireless devices?
• How do I run diagnostics when there is a network performance issue?
• How do I manage network load between different channels or subnets?
• If I have redundancy in the network, in order to maximize reliability, how do I manage the network in real time to deal with issues such as interference and switching channels to improve performance?

One of the things that will catch many organizations by surprise is the difference between wired and wireless networks when it comes to management and maintenance. The diagnostic process, for example, is different for a wired network than for a wireless one. Whereas troubleshooting a failure in a wired device is limited to examination of elements within sub-sections of a wired circuit, performance issues with a wireless device have multiple potential causes and the deductive process of identifying the true cause is complex. More importantly, the network itself must be imbued with the automated intelligence to handle these monitoring and management chores. This will create unforeseen changes for technical teams who are experts in wired systems, but new to wireless networks.

Key questions - ENSURING SECURITY
Security is an important consideration for wireless networks. To ensure the network is secure, organizations must ask themselves:
• How do I ensure that a wireless device is appropriately secured for the application and the function? And how do I begin that device's life in a secure fashion?
• How do I put a system in place that allows that security scheme to be flexible and secure?
• How do I build easy-to-design-and-manage capabilities into the network that establish a hierarchy of access that aligns access privileges with the functional uses of an application?

The question is not whether wireless can be secure; ZigBee networks can and do meet the stringent security requirements at the network level in industrial settings. The question instead is how to make them secure in the application context that not only achieves a user's security objectives, but also provides a flexible platform that supports different purposes of the device and the needs of the organization over time. Advanced work is critical for achieving these twin objectives of security and flexibility.

Looking ahead
The questions outlined here are by no means exhaustive. They are meant to provide a starting point for the process that an organization will embark on as it begins planning its wireless deployment. The operational challenges that companies face in building, deploying and managing wireless technologies are real. Advanced planning will help overcome these challenges. Companies need to maximize the level of automated intelligence built into these devices, to minimize the complexity of living with these applications day-to-day once they are operational in production settings.


Tim Enwall is the founder and chief operating officer of Tendril, a provider of network operating platform software for building, deploying and managing ZigBee networks. He can be reached at 303-951-4361 or This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it .